What Are High-Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) in Education

Higher-order thinking skills (HOTS) is a concept popular in American education. It distinguishes critical thinking skills from low-order learning outcomes, such as those attained by rote memorization. HOTS include synthesizing, analyzing, reasoning, comprehending, application, and evaluation. HOTS is based on various taxonomies of learning, particularly the one created by Benjamin Bloom in his 1956 book, Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: The Classification of Educational Goals. Higher-order thinking skills are reflected by the top three levels in Bloom’s Taxonomy:  analysis, synthesis, and evaluation. Blooms Taxonomy and HOTS Blooms taxonomy is taught in a majority of teacher-education programs in the United States. As such, it may be among the most well-known educational theories among teachers nationally. As the Curriculum Leadership Journal notes: While Bloom’s Taxonomy is not the only framework for teaching thinking, it is the most widely used, and subsequent frameworks tend to be closely linked to Bloom’s work.... Bloom’s aim was to promote higher forms of thinking in education, such as analyzing and evaluating, rather than just teaching students to remember facts (rote learning). Bloom’s taxonomy  was designed with six levels to promote higher-order thinking. The six levels were: knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation. (The taxonomys levels were later revised as remembering, understanding, applying, analyzing, revising, and creating.) The lower-order thinking skills (LOTS) involve memorization, while higher-order thinking requires understanding and applying that knowledge. The top three levels of Blooms taxonomy—which is often displayed as a pyramid, with ascending levels of thinking at the top of the structure—are analysis, synthesis, and evaluation. These levels of the taxonomy all involve critical or higher-order thinking. Students who are able to think are those who can apply the knowledge and skills they have learned to new contexts. Looking at each level demonstrates how higher-order thinking is applied in education. Analysis Analysis, the fourth level of Blooms pyramid, involves students use their own judgment to begin analyzing the knowledge they have learned. At this point, they begin understanding the underlying structure of knowledge and also are able to distinguish between fact and opinion. Some examples of analysis would be: Analyze each statement to decide whether it is fact or opinion.Compare and contrast the beliefs of W.E.B. DuBois and Booker T. Washington.Apply the rule of 70 to determine how quickly your money will double at 6 percent interest.Illustrate the differences between the American alligator and the Nile crocodile. Synthesis Synthesis, the fifth level of Bloom’s taxonomy pyramid, requires students  to infer relationships among sources, such as essays, articles, works of fiction, lectures by instructors, and even personal observations.  For example, a student might infer a relationship between what she has read in a newspaper or article and what she has observed herself. The high-level thinking of synthesis is evident when students put the parts or information they have reviewed together to create new meaning or a new structure. At the synthesis level, students move beyond relying on previously learned information or analyzing items that the teacher is giving to them.  Some questions in the educational setting that would involve the synthesis level of higher-order thinking might include: What alternative would you suggest for ___?What changes would you make to revise___?  What could you invent to solve___? Evaluation Evaluation, the top level of Blooms taxonomy, involves students making judgments about the value of ideas, items, and materials. Evaluation is the top level of Bloom’s taxonomy pyramid because at this level that students are expected to mentally assemble all they have learned to make informed and sound evaluations of the material. Some questions involving evaluation might be: Evaluate the Bill of Rights and determine which is the least necessary for a free society.Attend a local play and write a critique of the actor’s performance.Visit an art museum and offer suggestions on ways to improve a specific exhibit. HOTS in Special Education and Reform Children with learning disabilities can benefit from educational programming that includes HOTS. Historically, their disabilities engendered lowered expectations from teachers and other professionals and led to more low-order thinking goals enforced by drill and repetition activities. However, children with learning disabilities can develop the higher-level thinking skills that teach them how to be problem solvers. Traditional education has favored the acquisition of knowledge, especially among elementary school-age children, over the application of knowledge and critical thinking. Advocates believe that without a basis in fundamental concepts, students cannot learn the skills they will need to survive in the work world. Reform-minded educators, meanwhile, see the acquisition of problem-solving skills—higher-order thinking—to be essential to this very outcome. Reform-minded curricula, such as the Common Core, have been adopted by a number of states, often amid controversy from traditional education advocates.  At heart, these curricula emphasize HOTS, over strict rote memorization as the means to help students achieve their highest potential.

Essay about Dostoevsky and Nietzsches Overman - 2123 Words

Dostoevsky and Nietzsches Overman The definition of à ¼bermensch, or overman, in Barrons Concise Students Encyclopedia makes anyone who has read Nietzsches Zarathustra - even aphoristically, as I tried to do at first - cringe. Barrons Encyclopedia defines an overman as someone who has his act together and gets things done. Of course, considering that this is a summary of one part of Nietzsches ideas, and that the encyclopedia reduces his entire philosophy to one short paragraph, this is not a poor definition. But it eliminates parts of Nietzsches concept of the overman, or superman, which are essential to an understanding of this idea. Walter Kaufmann provides a detailed analysis of Nietzsches philosophy in†¦show more content†¦This process of overcoming the state of normal humanity is done in several ways, but perhaps the most important of these is the sublimation of normal human impulses. For Nietzsche, all human impulses - indeed, all human activity - is explainable in terms of his will to power. As he says in Beyond Good and Evil, Suppose, finally, we succeeded in explaining our entire instinctive life as the development and ramification of one basic for of the will -- namely, of the will to power, as my proposition has it; suppose all organic function could be traced back to this will to power and one could also find in it the solution of the problem of procreation and nourishment -- it is one problem -- then one would have gained the right to determine all efficient force univocally as -- will to power. (Beyond Good and Evil, 36) Nietzsche establishes a long line of degrees of the expression of the will to power. (Dawn 113) The overman is one who has attained the highest degrees expression in his will to power. Philosophy is one of these highest degrees. (Beyond Good and Evil 9) For Nietzsche, the more common expressions of the will to power (the sexual drive, for instance) are the lower ones, and must be sublimated, or redirected, so that the will to power expresses itself in higher, more creative ways. (Kaufmann 220) Art, for instance, is one of these ways, an idea whichShow MoreRelatedFyodor Dostoevsky Crime And Punishment Analysis1214 Words   |  5 Pages Dostoevsky’s disapproval on the Superman theory In the novel â€Å"Crime and Punishment†, by Fyodor Dostoevsky, Dostoevsky expresses his disapproval of the Ubermensch theory by using his main character; Raskolnikov who tries to become an extraordinary person but fails to do so. Raskolnikov is put in a group where people maintain the idea that man is not actually equal but are divided into two separate groups which are; the ordinary people who are locked within the laws and tradition of society by onlyRead More Analysis of The Inquisitors Argument in Dostoevskys The Brothers Karamazov997 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis of The Inquisitors Argument in The Brothers Karamazov      Ã‚   Dostoevsky makes a strong case against Jesus in The Grand Inquisitor: Jesus did not love humanity sufficiently to care for the greater good of the race.    The majority of people, according to the Grand Inquisitor, are weak and like sheep. Jesus prized freedom of faith above all else, and because he cared more for that freedom than for the happiness of people, the Grand Inquisitor and the Catholic Church, as ledRead Morewisdom,humor and faith19596 Words   |  79 PagesFools, no custom or convention was immune to ridicule and even the highest personages of the realm could expect to be lampooned.14 Following in the tradition of such celebrations and Erasmus’s The Praise of Folly, Rabelais, Cervantes, Shakespeare, Dostoevsky, and others have praised a sort of wise folly in such characters as Triboulet (in Rabelais’s Gargantua and Pantagruel ), Cervantes’s Don Quixote, Shakespeare’s Falstaff, and Dostoevsky’s Prince Myshkin (the title character in The Idiot).15 Rabelais

Globalization and Public Relations for Civilization- MyAssignmenthelp

Question: What is the relationship between Globalization and Public Relations? Answer: Public relation can be understood as the strategic communication that organizations at different levels use for establishing and maintaining mutual relationship with diverse people. The practices have been the concerns of many scholars, each with his own perception of its trace. Some say that it can be traced in the 20th century while others stand to support that I existed long time ago before the biblical times. Some even give their own ideas over the issue and support them entirely. Public relation scholarship notion has been debated about of its existence in public relation predominant notions. Scholars like Hunt, Grunig, Dozier and Broom has been the proposers of the public relation concepts. Public relations have therefore developed from time to time to date, and its meaning have been changing and varying according to context and perception of the practitioners. The generic principles and theories of public relations helps in understanding about global context of public relation s. Some propositions about public relations suggests the techniques that apply in public relations. The propositions in the Public Relation Model do in micro level. The Generic principle seems to advocate a merge of managerial and technical roles for the departments of public relations. This implies that the public relation functions are expected to have a strategic role and avoid relying merely on technical functions. Public relation practitioners should be well educated to understand and practice organizational and policy making skills. The issue of globalization, civilization and diversity at different capacities has posed a concern in defining public relations and its practices. It has magnified and extended the lacuna or how people perceive the public relations in the context to the globalization. For this reason, globalization can be credited for it has achieved in moving the precepts of public relation to many cultural set ups to Asia, Europe, America and also Africa. During the last decade of the 20th century, globalization has some different scaled principles. The first principle is the elimination of the trade barriers which involves the barriers that control trade and trade blocks like the European commission, NAFTA and so on. Globalization in this context of public relation where the diversified organizations as the ones mentioned above, have diversified consumers, employee, activists and the members present in the media as well. Media and communication is another factor that orient globalization. It has b rought about the need of public relations as media and ICT has led to a demand in global trading of goods and services. Lastly, the need for people to come together and share minds globally has brought about the issue of public relation as well. There is however some environmental variability on public relation and globalization. Culture, societal and corporate variables were proven through research that they were the primary variables. Other variables such a regulatory and activism affect the public relations in a country. Countries for example the ones under democracy or monarchial rule experience different levels of public relations. Globalization has therefore, increased the importance and inevitability of global public relations. There is a high need to develop the scope of public relation in the context of globalization through research and implementations of varied recommendations.